Lecture 1

Communication - An Essential Part of Our Lives

What is Communication?

Communication in our daily lives takes many forms and occurs in many environments. We have different expectations depending on whether we are chatting via the Internet or participating in a job interview . Each situation has its corresponding expected behaviors and styles.

Establishing the Rules

Before beginning to communicate with each other, we establish rules or agreements to govern the

conversation. These rules, or protocols, must be followed in order for the message to be successfully

delivered and understood. Among the protocols that govern successful human communication are:

• An identified sender and receiver

• Agreed upon method of communicating (face-to-face, telephone, letter, photograph)

• Common language and grammar

• Speed and timing of delivery

• Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements

Communication rules may vary according to the context. If a message conveys an important fact or

concept, a confirmation that the message has been received and understood is necessary. Less

important messages may not require an acknowledgment from the recipient.

The techniques that are used in network communications share these fundamentals with human conversations. Because many of our human communication protocols are implicit or are ingrained in our cultures, some rules can be assumed. In establishing data networks, it is necessary to be much more explicit about how communication takes place and how it is judged successful.

Quality of Communications

Communication between individuals is determined to be successful when the meaning of the message

understood by the recipient matches the meaning intended by the sender.

For data networks, we use the same basic criteria to judge success. However, as a message moves

through the network, many factors can prevent the message from reaching the recipient or distort its

intended meaning. These factors can be either external or internal.

External Factors

The external factors affecting communication are related to the complexity of the network and the number of devices a message must pass through on its route to its final destination.

External factors affecting the success of communication include:

• The quality of the pathway between the sender and the recipient

• The number of times the message has to change form

• The number of times the message has to be redirected or readdressed

• The number of other messages being transmitted simultaneously on the communication network

• The amount of time allotted for successful communication

Internal Factors

Internal factors that interfere with network communication are related to the nature of the message itself.

Different types of messages may vary in complexity and importance. Clear and concise messages are

usually easier to understand than complex messages. Important communications require more care to

ensure that they are delivered and understood by the recipient.

Internal factors affecting the successful communication across the network include:.

• The size of the message

• The complexity of the message

• The importance of the message

Large messages may be interrupted or delayed at different points within the network. A message with a low importance or priority could be dropped if the network becomes overloaded.

Both the internal and external factors that affect the receipt of a message must be anticipated and

controlled for network communications to be successful. New innovations in network hardware and

software are being implemented to ensure the quality and reliability of network communications.

Communicating over Networks

Being able to reliably communicate to anyone, anywhere, is becoming increasingly important to our

personal and business lives. In order to support the immediate delivery of the millions of messages being exchanged between people all over the world, we rely on a web of interconnected networks. These data or information networks vary in size and capabilities, but all networks have four basic elements in common:

• Rules or agreements to govern how the messages are sent, directed, received and interpreted

• The messages or units of information that travel from one device to another

• A means of interconnecting these devices - a medium that can transport the messages from one device to another

• Devices on the network that exchange messages with each other

The standardization of the various elements of the network enables equipment and devices created by different companies to work together. Experts in various technologies can contribute their best ideas on how to develop an efficient network, without regard to the brand or manufacturer of the equipment.